Geographical Region
The province of Kerman is bordered by Khorasan to the north, Baluchistan to the east, Yazd and Fars to the west, and Hormozgan Province to the south.
In pre-Islamic times, Kerman was known as Buniya and Karamaniya. Its center, historically referred to as Gowashir and Bardshir, was located in Sirjan during the Sassanian era. Some believe Kerman was established in the 3rd century AD by the command of Ardeshir I, the founder of the Sassanian dynasty.
According to Fereydoun Joneydi, a researcher in ancient languages and Iranian studies, the word "Kerman" is derived from "ker" (meaning mountain) and the suffix "man" (indicating a place), which translates to "land of mountains." Given the mountainous nature of the city and the province, this interpretation seems the most plausible.
Historical and Artistic Background of Kerman
Weaving has always been a prominent craft in this region. Arab geographers who visited Iran after its conquest mentioned not only carpet weaving in Fars but also rug weaving and felt production around Kerman.
Marco Polo, in his book Milione , wrote about Kerman:
"Their women weave curtains, blankets, cushions, and many other items using silk and gold, often adorned with designs of birds and animals."
During the Safavid era, Kerman became famous for its luxurious silk textiles with intricate designs, as well as for its exceptional carpet-weaving workshops that produced remarkably beautiful carpets.
For instance, The Alam Ara Abbasi , a historical chronicle detailing the events of Shah Abbas in the 17th century, describes carpets woven with silver and gold threads. Another valuable source from the same era is the writings of the Mughal emperors, which praise Kerman carpets.
Jean Chardin, the renowned 17th-century historian and traveler, noted Kerman as one of the most active centers for weaving. Additionally, the creation of “vase carpets,” which required except
Dyeing and Coloring of Kerman Carpets
Until the first period after World War II, natural dyes were exclusively used for coloring the fibers of Kerman carpets. However, today, chemical dyes are predominantly employed, often in combination with natural dyes.
Kerman dyers are renowned for their exceptional skills and use a wide variety of dyes. The color spectrum used in Kerman carpets comprises 15 to 30 different shades, with red and pink being the most commonly used colors. Traditionally, these shades were derived from cochineal insects and henna, following age-old methods.
Although the use of chemical dyes dominates the carpet-weaving geography of Kerman, the growing interest of academically educated experts in the field of carpetry has led to the establishment of a few workshops in Kerman, Ravar, and Rafsanjan that specialize in producing wool dyed with natural plant-based dyes.
read more: oriental carpets
Design of Kerman Prayer Carpets
The design of these carpets typically includes a prayer niche (mihrab) adorned with a narrow border featuring floral patterns. In the upper horizontal border, on the top right and left corners, an inscription reads: "The work of the humblest servant, Mohammad Amin Kermani." In the forehead of the niche, the phrase "Subhan Rabbi al-Ala wa bihamdihi" is inscribed within a panel.
The central design portrays a garden inspired by Persian gardens, divided into four sections by streams. Each section is decorated with various trees, shrubs, colorful flowers, fruits, and diverse birds. Within the horizontal streams leading to a pool, two fish can be seen, while the vertical streams feature three fish. At the center, a star-shaped octagonal pool emerges from the intersection of the streams, serving as the medallion. Inside the pool, three fish and two ducks are depicted.
read more: tabriz carpets
Patterns and Motifs of Kerman Carpets
A Kerman carpet from the early 19th century, preserved in the Carpet Museum of Tehran, demonstrates how the designs of 19th-century Kerman carpets incorporated innovative elements inspired by motifs found in shawls and brocades. One of the most successful innovations by master designers of this period is the so-called “Quran Panel” pattern.
In the following century, influenced by foreign market demands, the styles of Kerman carpet designs evolved. New patterns such as Baharestan (a depiction of gardens) were introduced, featuring numerous floral motifs and occasionally medallions. Prayer rugs were also woven, characterized by elements such as vases, trees, bushes, and animals rendered in a more realistic style.
Depictions of pictorial scenes became common in Kerman carpets as well. Both Kerman designers and Qajar aristocrats showed interest in motifs related to European history and epics, as well as Persian culture and royalty.
Consequently, carpets were woven with European historical scenes, portraits of prominent figures like Napoleon, or religious imagery from the 18th century. Depictions of Persepolis ruins, portraits of ancient Persian kings, and epic Iranian scenes inspired by Safavid designs were also popular.
A style that gained favor among Kerman weavers in the early 20th century was portraiture, especially depicting kings or notable courtiers. This style, originating in the Qajar era, often featured epic Persian poetry inscribed on the carpet. During the 1920s, Kerman carpet designs saw a return to classical styles, with floral motifs like Shah Abbasi flowers and curving leaves reminiscent of the Safavid period.
However, starting in the 1930s, simpler designs became prevalent to cater to European market tastes. These designs often included clusters and wreaths of roses, known locally as Gobelins .
Modern Kerman Carpets
Today, Kerman carpets are regarded as some of the finest Persian carpets, excelling in technical craftsmanship, design, and the use of traditional dyeing techniques.
Weaving and Dimensions of Kerman Carpets
In the past, a unique tradition of melodic pattern chanting was popular in Kerman. The pattern reader, with a melodic voice resembling a song, would call out the colors to be knotted onto the warps.
The weavers, like members of a symphony orchestra, would tie the knots accordingly. This method, however, has almost disappeared today. The knot used in Kerman carpets is typically the asymmetrical (Persian) knot .
Although symmetrical knots have been used in some tribal regions of Kerman, what sets Kerman knots apart is the technique known as the "bow knot" or the U knot , also referred to as "knotless weaving." Another common knot in the region is the double knot , considered a less authentic type of knot. Its use primarily aimed to speed up the weaving process.
The dimensions of Kerman carpets are highly diverse, ranging from small carpets known as "roomani" (measuring about 60x90 cm) to "dargahi" carpets (approximately 60x100 cm). The largest carpets produced in the region can reach up to 28 square meters in size.
read more: kashan carpets
Renowned Designers of Kerman Carpets
Between 1919 and 1928, the collaboration of skilled weavers, dyers, and designers led to a golden age of carpet production in Kerman. During this time, the number of looms and artisans involved in carpet making doubled within just two years.
This success was largely driven by the efforts of traders, weavers, and designers , who played pivotal roles in elevating Kerman's reputation in carpet weaving.
Among the most famous designers were the Shahrokhi family , particularly Mohsen Khan and Hassan Khan , a father-son duo active between 1861 and 1939. Multiple generations of this family were engaged in the craft, training numerous young artists. These renowned masters patiently taught their students, who later became skilled and respected carpet designers.
Alongside them, a team of highly active masters, including Sheikh Hossein Alireza , Mayel , the Rasouli brothers , and others, established their workshops and significantly contributed to Kerman's carpet-making legacy.
Hassan Khan Shahrokhi , also known as Hassan Khan Mosavvar , was one of the most distinguished carpet designers in Iran. Born in 1862, he revolutionized Kerman carpet design, leaving a lasting impact on this traditional and invaluable Iranian art form.
A multi-talented artist, mathematician, astronomer, and calligrapher, Hassan Khan was not only a master of carpet design but also excelled in creating miniatures, lacquer work, illuminations, and floral and bird motifs, crafting masterpieces in these areas.
Many of the famous Kerman carpet patterns attributed to Hassan Khan Shahrokhi are exhibited in museums and bear his name. Notable examples include "Sabzikar Hassan Khani," "Medallion Hassan Khani," "Kaldani Hassan Khani," and the "Khayyam Hassan Khani" design. Many of Kerman’s iconic designs were either invented by him or heavily influenced by his work.
This unparalleled master passed away in 1950, leaving behind a legacy that remains unmatched in the art of Kerman carpet weaving.
read more: isfahan carpets
Kerman Rugs: A Masterpiece of Iranian Weaving
Kerman rugs are renowned for their intricate designs, high-quality materials, and exceptional craftsmanship. Here are some key characteristics that define them:
Materials:
- Wool : The primary material used in Kerman rugs, celebrated for its durability, warmth, and natural beauty.
- Silk : Occasionally blended with wool to add a touch of luster and elegance.
- Cotton Thread : Used for the warp and weft, providing a sturdy foundation for the rug.
Crafting Technique:
- Hand-Knotted Weaving : Kerman rugs are meticulously handwoven, ensuring a high level of detail and durability.
Design and Patterns:
- Central Medallion : A distinctive feature of Kerman rugs, often incorporating floral or geometric motifs.
- All-Over Patterns : Some Kerman rugs feature intricate all-over designs that cover the entire surface.
- Floral Motifs : Inspired by Iran’s natural beauty, these designs often depict flowers, vines, and trees.
- Geometric Patterns : Abstract geometric designs, such as grids and tessellations, are also popular in Kerman rugs.
Quality Factors:
- Knot Density : Kerman rugs are typically densely knotted, resulting in a fine and precise texture.
- Pile Height : Pile height can vary but is generally medium, offering a balance of softness and durability.
- Color Quality : High-quality dyes are used to achieve vibrant and long-lasting colors.
When considering a Kerman rug, it’s essential to look for these key features to ensure authenticity and quality. A genuine Kerman rug is a valuable investment that can be passed down through generations.
Where Are Kerman Rugs Best Suited?
Kerman rugs can enhance the aesthetic appeal of your home in various ways. Here are some common spaces where they are typically placed
Living Room:
- Under a Coffee Table or Seating Area : A Kerman rug can create a cozy and inviting space, especially when paired with complementary furniture and decor.
- As a Focal Point on Bare Floors : A large, intricate Kerman rug can draw attention and define the room.
Bedroom:
- Beside the Bed : A Kerman rug can add elegance and comfort to the space.
- As Floor Covering : A small Kerman rug can bring warmth and texture to cold wooden floors.
Dining Room:
- Under the Dining Table : A Kerman rug can protect the floor while adding a decorative element.
- In a Breakfast Nook : A smaller Kerman rug can define the space and create a cozy dining area.
Entryway:
- As a Welcome Mat : A Kerman rug can add sophistication while protecting the floor from dirt and moisture.
Other Creative Uses
- Wall Hanging : Smaller Kerman rugs can be displayed as art pieces on walls.
- Table Cover : Smaller rugs can be used as tablecloths to add elegance to dining or coffee tables.
- Stair Runners : Kerman rugs can be placed on stairs to add color, texture, and protection.
Ultimately, the best place to display a Kerman rug depends on your personal style and the specific design of your home. Consider the rug’s size, color, and pattern, along with the overall aesthetic of the room, to make the perfect choice.
